<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2025 Workiva-->
<!--r:6bfdfc4a-b5ca-4a04-b61d-75d1ac3ff1f1,g:1526565e-918d-411b-8f7c-00d9842487bf-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://emergentbiosolutions.com/role/CoverPageCoverPage" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="ebs-20241212.xsd#CoverPageCoverPage"/>
  <link:presentationLink xlink:role="http://emergentbiosolutions.com/role/CoverPageCoverPage" xlink:type="extended">
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentType_9bedbfab-0f63-47f6-bd82-655766d6bec2" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentType"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="1" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_DocumentType_9bedbfab-0f63-47f6-bd82-655766d6bec2" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_92550fd0-7bed-4bb9-968c-6c89759e52de" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="2" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_92550fd0-7bed-4bb9-968c-6c89759e52de" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityRegistrantName_c8baaa75-a8f1-421b-940f-a43a7474c946" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="3" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityRegistrantName_c8baaa75-a8f1-421b-940f-a43a7474c946" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_17b549ac-fd5d-40ba-9ec3-058d39ddd223" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="4" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_17b549ac-fd5d-40ba-9ec3-058d39ddd223" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityFileNumber_e27a7fe1-4c66-4147-ad43-6ef6a6d57721" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="5" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityFileNumber_e27a7fe1-4c66-4147-ad43-6ef6a6d57721" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_537523bb-c36e-49de-8668-9ee8e9d6b619" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="6" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_537523bb-c36e-49de-8668-9ee8e9d6b619" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_a3aa13d1-3c32-4706-b92f-527445a39702" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="7" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_a3aa13d1-3c32-4706-b92f-527445a39702" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_af87bde2-e5c5-462a-874c-601488ca6cf4" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="8" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_af87bde2-e5c5-462a-874c-601488ca6cf4" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_e829cbc1-a3c7-4f4a-ab38-9f5c038f6efd" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="9" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_e829cbc1-a3c7-4f4a-ab38-9f5c038f6efd" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_c6aa60c8-14a1-4137-806a-3bf1e4f25d6c" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="10" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_c6aa60c8-14a1-4137-806a-3bf1e4f25d6c" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_02aacc57-4652-47bd-9cc3-b85083478033" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="11" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_02aacc57-4652-47bd-9cc3-b85083478033" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_CityAreaCode_658a20fa-d4ab-49a9-a599-e15b8ff9a088" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="12" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_CityAreaCode_658a20fa-d4ab-49a9-a599-e15b8ff9a088" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_LocalPhoneNumber_ab7dcffe-63ea-490e-9122-d18bbb38656f" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="13" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_LocalPhoneNumber_ab7dcffe-63ea-490e-9122-d18bbb38656f" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_WrittenCommunications_bc41f520-4538-459c-ae00-2532b638bf14" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="14" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_WrittenCommunications_bc41f520-4538-459c-ae00-2532b638bf14" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_SolicitingMaterial_9c3ee523-00cc-49bf-ace3-a38bb4d0387d" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="15" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_SolicitingMaterial_9c3ee523-00cc-49bf-ace3-a38bb4d0387d" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_20a41567-acbc-4dc1-b8ce-e597da8a0ac2" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="16" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_20a41567-acbc-4dc1-b8ce-e597da8a0ac2" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_755656a3-6320-4506-874b-a8e19b894144" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="17" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_755656a3-6320-4506-874b-a8e19b894144" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_4079b29a-c002-4b83-8a0d-bffc00f2f560" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="18" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_4079b29a-c002-4b83-8a0d-bffc00f2f560" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_Security12bTitle_ddff18ab-1024-4c0c-b7f9-9004bfc2b4df" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="19" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_Security12bTitle_ddff18ab-1024-4c0c-b7f9-9004bfc2b4df" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_TradingSymbol_9313f8e8-d2f2-4dee-811b-de1257e0043a" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="20" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_TradingSymbol_9313f8e8-d2f2-4dee-811b-de1257e0043a" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_SecurityExchangeName_38ebc707-28f0-451d-aaad-d377960223e6" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="21" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_SecurityExchangeName_38ebc707-28f0-451d-aaad-d377960223e6" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_6bc8a3bb-9336-455d-b61c-5e3a4c41f2b6" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="22" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_6bc8a3bb-9336-455d-b61c-5e3a4c41f2b6" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_AmendmentFlag_63a7633a-98f4-4734-9784-798da2b0f28b" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag"/>
    <link:presentationArc order="23" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_dei_CoverAbstract_5de2c044-fe11-418b-b59f-39a9aca7592d" xlink:to="loc_dei_AmendmentFlag_63a7633a-98f4-4734-9784-798da2b0f28b" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel"/>
  </link:presentationLink>
</link:linkbase>
